THEME: THE GLOBAL REFOCUSING ON AFRICAN DEVELOPMENTS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN 21^ST CENTURY

DATE: 26TH APRIL, 2023

VENUE: UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM, MLIMANI CAMPUS, CHUO KIKUUCHA, DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

ORGANIZERS: NIGHTINGALE PUBLICATIONS AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

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CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS:

NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN AFRICA: BALANCING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CULTURAL PRESERVATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY

1. LATEEFAT ADEOLA BELLO; & DR. ILOBA-ANINYE OKECHUKWU

Department of Commercial Law, Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Abstract

The tourist and hospitality business in Africa is rapidly expanding in the twenty-first century, presenting both possibilities and difficulties to the continent. The purpose of this study is to look at the legal environment of sustainable tourism in Africa, with an emphasis on striking a balance between economic expansion and cultural preservation. The research looks at the present legislative frameworks, laws, and regulations that regulate the tourist sector and evaluates their efficacy in encouraging sustainable tourism while respecting Africa’s rich cultural heritage and natural resources. To do this, the study used a multi-method approach that includes case studies of successful sustainable tourism efforts, a comparative analysis of regional and international regulations, and opinions of key players from the public and commercial sectors. The study sheds light on the delicate interaction between tourism and the environment. The research sheds light on the complicated link between tourism growth, cultural preservation, and environmental protection. According to preliminary results, while some African nations have made headway in implementing sustainable tourism practices, there is still a considerable vacuum in the legislative framework required to manage the difficulties posed by the industry’s fast expansion. The study emphasizes the importance of strengthening the legal framework to better support sustainable tourism initiatives, such as increased enforcement of existing regulations, the development of comprehensive and integrated policies, and the alignment of national laws with regional and international standards.  Its further emphasizes the need for public-private partnerships in developing sustainable tourism practices and integrating local people in decision-making processes to ensure that tourist development is consistent with their cultural values and environmental goals. Overall, this research adds to the body of knowledge on sustainable tourism in Africa, giving policymakers, industry professionals, and academics a better grasp of the legal intricacies involved in supporting a balanced approach to economic growth and cultural preservation. Its goal is to inform and inspire future policy interventions aimed at fostering a more sustainable and inclusive African tourist sector in the twenty-first century. ate that even though some Africans

Keywords: Tourism, Hospitality, Regulation, Legal framework, law

SHIRORO DAM FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES WITH A VIEW TO EVOLVING ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

1. INUWA GARBA KUTA¹; ABDULKADIR NASIRU ²

¹Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology Minna. ²Newgate University Minna

Abstract

This study examined the Shiroro dam flood disaster management strategies and their effects on riparian communities with a view to evolving alternative management strategies. To achieve this therefore, data were sourced from the gazettes, internet facilities, text books, journals, published and unpublished thesis from University library etc. with regards to flood management strategies and the effects of flood in both upstream and downstream sectors of the dam internationally and locally. Others include such as Landsat ETM⁺ and Landsat SRTM. The result shows that farmland/crops submerge ranked the highest from 156 (30%) of the respondents, collapse of buildings and displacement ranked second from 149 (28%) of the respondents, property destruction ranked third from 103 (20%) of the respondents, loss of lives ranked fourth from 97 (18%) of the respondents and loss of animals ranked the least from 21 (4%) of the respondents. The finding shows 30 meter buffer distance along the floodplain area and it reveals that Guni, Gussoro and Danchitagi are within the high risk zone which makes them vulnerable to flood they need to move to higher ground. The result also shows 50 meter buffer distance along the floodplain area and it reveals that all the sample points are within the high risk zone which makes them vulnerable to flood. They need to move to higher ground for safety. The study concluded that despite the impact of Shiroro dam on the riparian communities, the majority of the respondents are not ready to move inland away from the high vulnerable areas and this is due to economic and cultural advantages except for those in new Akare which is 12kilometers away from the flood plain. These communities have also been witnessing flood before the dam was constructed but now, the frequency of the flood have been increasing over time. It’s therefore recommended that community based flood preparedness and management should be a high priority in physical therapy practice management in all the affected communities such as Guni, Zumba, Gusoro, Akare, Kwata (Wushishi), Wuya Kede and Danchitagi.

Keywords: Shiroro Dam, Flood Disaster, and Riparian Communities

MORPHOMETRY ANALYSIS AND ITS HYDROLOGICAL IMPLICATION IN IBI DRAINAGE BASIN, IBI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, TARABA STATE.

ANDOKARI AMATAKITSWEN AND ABDULKADIR AISHETU

Department of Geography Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Abstract

Drainage basin analysis based on morphometric parameters is vital for watershed planning and management. Morphometric analysis of watersheds is the best method to identify the relationship between various aspects of the area. This study applied the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) approach of morphometry analysis of Ibi basin using 30m resolution Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The morphometric parameters of the basin include the linear, aerial, and relief aspects. The study results show that Ibi drainage basin is the 5th-order basin respectively. The stream network shows a dendritic pattern, indicating homogeneity in texture and a lack of structural control in the study area. Stream number (Nu) is 493, stream length (Lu) is 1,384.28, The mean bifurcation ratio is (4.90), circularity ratio (0.26), and elongation ratio (0.04), the length of overland flow is (0.97), indicating matured topography and low surface runoff in the study area. The low drainage density (0.52km/km2) and low stream frequency (0.18) indicate low relief (0.328), low surface flow, and, consequently, low erosion and flood potentials of the basin. Infiltration (0.20), and ruggedness number (21.563), indicate that the basin area is prone to erosion and flooding. The study concluded that the susceptibility of Ibi drainage basin to erosion and flooding is moderate. The study recommends that efforts should be put in place by the Government to implement a robust agro-forestry program and enlighten households and the public on deforestation, overgrazing, adaptive measures, and the dangers inherent in indiscriminate refuse dumping in waterways.

Keywords: Morphometry, Drainage Basin and, Hydrology

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP POLICY AND ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS

*MUHAMMAD ABDULLAHI; & **ABUBAKAR SADIQ SALLAU

*Department of Public Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri-Nigeria. **Department of Public Administration, College of Education and Legal Studies, Nguru-Nigeria

Abstract

The challenge of organizational performance and effectiveness is among the major issues of concern by organisation managers, owners and clients. This has led to the introduction of a number of strategies in order to enhance productivity of individual employees and the organisation at large. The institution of appropriate leadership policy is among the major strategies established to address the question of performance, productivity and effectiveness of organisations. This paper is a conceptual review that examines the relationship between transformational leadership policy versus organizational effectiveness. It revealed that the leadership style has the potentials of contributing to the performance of organisations. The leadership style creates a climate in which the team members feel involved and important, and it gives them the strength to work tirelessly towards achieving the vision under a clear vision, direction and motivation. The paper concludes that transformational leadership is a stimulator of motivation, innovation, knowledge and generates advantages for organizational performance as well as effectiveness. Organisational leaders should therefore commit themselves to this style of leadership, undertaking self-evaluation of their way of acting and ensuring the principles of transformation is meted in their daily activities through the organisation’s culture.

Keywords: Leadership, Organisation, Performance, Effectiveness, Transformational Leadership

EFFICACY OF GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND PLANTARICIN AGAINST MICROBIAL DETERIORATION OF MELON, GROUNDNUT, AND POTATOES

^*IHUM¹ T.A., AWAGU², E.F., OLATUNJI³, J.T AND OLEDIBE³, C.F.

¹Durable Crops Research Department; Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI). ²Perishable Crops Research Department, NSPRI. ³Research Operations Department, NSPRI

Abstract

The combined and individual effects of planatricin of L. plantarum and silver nanoparticles synthesized using goat milk at different concentrations (50, 75, and 100 µL) were tested against spoilage organisms: Enterobacter cloacae AS10, Aspergillus niger, CIP 9973, and A. flavus 2013C-3342 of Melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.), Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using goat milk (GM) was characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Optimum concentration of plantaricin for conjugation with AgNPs was at 10 ml with surface plasmon resonance band (SPR) at 450 nm. Fourier transform infrared analysis of combined plantaricin and silver nanoparticles (CBSNP) showed peaks ranging from 3817.7cm^-1 to 763.3 cm^-1. Results showed that silver nanoparticle/plantaricin combination exerted notable influence against Enterobacter cloacae AS10 (25 ± 0.16 mm, 27 ± 0.22 mm, 30 ± 0.5 mm), Aspergillus niger, CIP 9973 (24 ± 0.2 mm, 27 ± 0.27 mm, 30 ± 0.29 mm) and A. flavus 2013C-3342 (24.07 ± 0.4, 26.27 ± 0.25 and 30 ± 0.2 mm) at aliquots of 50, 75 and 100 µl respectively with increasing concentration as compared to the individual effects of plantaricin and silver nanoparticles. Besides the use of bacteria, fungi and other macromolecules, goat milk could also be harnessed in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles while also exploring its use in the nearest future as an antibacterial and preservative agent.

Keywords: Bacteria, Food spoilage organisms, Preservatives, Molds   

THE ASSESSMENT RESPONSE AND CONTROL MANAGEMENT OF OIL SPILLS: OTUMARA AGBAIJE FLOW STATION AS CASE STUDY

¹AKPOTURI PETERS AND ²ELI GOODLUCK

¹Department of Petroleum Engineering, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro. ²Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University, Otuoke

ABSTRACT

The large scale (xyz) oil  spillage of March 24, 1989 tested spill preparedness and response capabilities of both the industry and government which proved, individually and collectively, to be wholly insufficient to control an oil spill of the magnitude. The assessment of corporate preparedness for an oil spillage has been expressed principally in two ways. An assembly of spill response equipment is identified with or equated to a magnitude of spillage. On the other hand, the manufacturer’s stated performance is equated to response capacity. These publicized levels of preparedness have been proved wrong by many a spill internationally and in Nigeria in particular, making the methods of assessment inadequate and -unacceptable. This paper introduces a new measure, THE RESPONSE CAPACITY FACTOR, for preparedness assessment defined as the ratio of a reference time duration T (a function of the sensitivity and vulnerability of the site environment) to the estimated duration T during which a spilled quantity Q (associated with an operation site) would be fully recovered within the resources of or available to the organization. The factor is based on management objective for oil spill response, environmental sensitivity and the need for its protection. It recognizes that response capacity is a function of a series of variables notably geographical location and terrain, equipment and personnel resources. The RCF is expected to be a powerful tool for corporate planning (investment comparison, budgeting, staffing, training, operational control, etc.).

The applications of the factor for oil-spill cooperatives and national (or regional) contingency planning are also discussed.

Keywords; oil spillage, spill response , Assessment, Time duration, Environmental sensitivity, Geographical location, Magnitude , and Terrain.

A SYSTEM PROTOTYPE FOR AN ENHANCED YORÙBÁ LANGUAGE MENU OPTION OF THE AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM)

OYEBADE, F. O.; **ARANUWA, F.O; & *ADÉJÙMỌ̀, J. A

*Department of Linguistics and Languages, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. **Department of Computer Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract

The research work is focused at developing an enhanced version of the Yorùbá language menu option of the ATM built on an enhanced translation equivalence model and introduction of Yorùbá tone mark in order to assist users who are monolingual only in Yorùbá language to effectively interact with the system. To achieve the objective of the work, the researcher employed the equivalence translation model designed for the work and adopted traditional structured systems analysis and design methodology (SSADM) to build the system prototype. Java packages such as Java Swing, Classes and Java AWTwas incorporated in the system development. Netbean IDE was used in designing the simulation software due to its effectiveness in designing state-of-the-art GUI. The software testing and investigation was conducted engaging specialists to provide stakeholders with information about the quality and function of the system model. The performance of the system prototype showed that the new translation model is not only an improvement over the existing paradigm, but also will vastly stimulate user’s response and expansion of the ATM usage in the interior parts of the country.

Keywords: Translation Model, SSADM, Java Packages, ATM Network, Host Processor

CONTEMPORARY SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES AND CONTEMPORARY CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN NIGERIA: A REVIEW

AYOZIE DANIEL OGECHUKWU, Ph.D

Department of Business Administration, Federal University of Lokoja Nigeria, P. M.B. 1154, Lokoja Kogi State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This paper briefly looks at the historical background of SMEs in Nigeria offers the definition of SMEs and CSR evaluates different CSR programmes and recommend that SMEs as a matter of agency must set up CSR departments and participate in programs that will develop the communities in which they operate their business in Nigeria. Business in Nigeria has been classified as small, medium and large. In both the developed and developing countries, the government is turning to small and medium scale industries, as a means of economic development and a veritable means of solving problems. It is also a seedbed of innovations, inventions and employment. Presently in Nigeria, SMEs assist in promoting the growth of the country’s economy, hence all the levels of government at different times has policies which promote the growth and sustenance of SMEs. But SMEs in their respective communities of operation are let to fully participate in corporate social responsibility so as maintain their relevance. The paper is a literature review of paper.  SMEs have contributed greatly to Nigerians development by the provision of employment marketing of goods and services and through the growth and development of the rural areas.  It has also brought about the growth of indigenous entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Corporate social responsibility argue that corporations make more long term profits by operating with a perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from the economic role of businesses, CSR is titled to an organisation’s mission as well as a guide to what the company stands for and will uphold to its community and consumers. This paper a literature review and descriptive in nature examines the definition and historical development of Small Scale Business and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria, explores the meaning and areas of Corporate Social Responsibility by SMEs in Nigeria. It advances solutions on the specific problems of entrepreneurship and CSR.  It concludes by making some recommendations, of which is that SMEs must as a matter of fact engage in CSR, but must work within their financial capacity of such small firms. For am SMEs to be relevant it must participate in CSR program.

Keywords: Small and Medium Enterprises, Corporate Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurs, Participatory, Facilitatory, Regulatory, Firm, Business.

ASSESSMENT OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SELECTED PUBLIC HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN NIGER STATE

¹YUSUF, M. S., ²PAUL, A.B. ³EZEKIEL, O. AND AKANDE, S. A.

^1,2&3Department of Building, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State. ⁴Department of Mathematics, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State.

Abstract

Facility Management (FM) is still in its infancy but growing due to the country’s rising profile as one of the fastest growing entities in the emerging market economies. However Public Healthcare Facilities in Nigeria are generally faced with many challenges including poor maintenance culture and therefore there is a need for the professionalization of Facility Management Practices. It is on this basis that the present study assesses the facility management practices in selected Public health care facilities in Niger State. The study was basically on soft facility management which consist of cleaning, recycling, security, pest control, handyman services, grounds maintenance, waste disposal and internal plants. A mixed research survey design was adopted with the administration of questionnaires and interview to the health workers, works and maintenance officers (service providers) as well as end-users and visitors in 9 Local Government Area of Zone ‘B’, geographical zone of  Niger State. A total of four hundred and fifty (450) questionnaires were administered (50 questionnaires to each Local Government under Zone B Niger, State, Nigeria) and interview were conducted with (9) incharge medical officers and (9) maintenance officers across the zone. Out of which three hundred and fifty – two (352) questionnaire are retrieved and found valid and fit for analysis as well as resourceful to achieved the objectives of the study. The research data were analyse manually in tabular form using descriptive statistical procedures, particularly frequency distributions and simple cross-tabulations. The outcome of the findings revealed that Outsourcing Facility Management and In-House (FM) are the two major types of FM adopted in the public healthcare facilities. Also improved funding, manpower in the works unit, waste management, contract and contractor management, space management Training/re-training of staff and changing of old facilities are the indicators for effective FM practices. The findings also revealed that the level of implementation is adequate in both outsourcing and in-house (FM) practices in public healthcare facilities. The challenges facing the FM practices are unveiled to be corruption, insufficient funding, poor maintenance culture, problem of policy implementation, inadequate FM personnel skill level, low technical knowhow, age of the buildings, inadequate facilities usage information and overcrowding in the building. Finally measure recommended for improved FM practices are the adoption for effective are fitness for purpose/ functionality, aesthetics and psychological appeal, modernity, ease of usage, structural stability, accessibility to the facility. The researcher thereby recommended that strategic facility plan, benchmarking, building simulation/building forecasting, risk management in building facilities and building maintenance should be put in place by the government to encourage the uptake and adoption of FM practices in the healthcare facilities. Furthermore, there should be rigorous enlighten program on FM practice by government to improve healthcare standard and save lives. The management of public healthcare centre; should attached importance to the FM practice and encourage, sanctions any staff found violating maintenance and management protocol in the healthcare facilities. The government should prioritize the provision of financial incentive and modern infrastructure to encourage FM practice with adequate planning and budgetary provision.

Keyword: Assessment, Facilities Management Practices, Public Healthcare, Building.

INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA

*KROKEYI, WISDOM SELEKEKEME & **OBAYORI, JOSEPH

*Department of Economics, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island P.M.B. 071, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. **Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzed income distribution and poverty reduction in Nigeria. The study examined the impact of both income inequality and wage increase on poverty reduction in Nigeria. To achieve the noble objective, secondary data from World Bank and CBN statistical bulletin were collected on poverty level, income inequality and wage increase. Based on the empirical result from GMM, the paper concluded that the coefficient of determination which showed that about 67% variation in the poverty level was explained by all the explanatory variables in the model. Also, a percentage increase in income inequality will cause poverty level to rise significantly. On the other hand, a percentage increase in wages will bring about corresponding decrease in poverty level. Based on the findings, the paper recommended amongst others that there should be sound family programme and welfare package design and implemented in order to check the growing rates of poverty and income inequality in Nigeria.

Keywords:  GMM, Poverty, Income Distribution and Development        

AN INDISCRIMINATE DEFAECATION AND DISPOSAL OF FAECAL MATERIAL MAKE PERI-URBAN CULTIVATED CROPS POTENTIALS FOR PARASITE TRANSMISSION AND EXPOSE PARASITES TO COMMUNITY

AHMED, U.A

Department of Biological Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005, Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria

Abstract

The risk factors of contracting Neglected Tropical Diseases are becoming increasingly high in both rural and urban settlements. Faecal contamination of food is another form of faecal – oral transmission.  Opened space defaecation is commonplace in rural settlement while indiscriminate disposal of faecal material is common in urban settlements. The business of faecal material disposal is flourishing in urban areas and the stake holders are not aware of risk factors and they lack proper site for the faecal waste disposal. As a result, parasites are exposed to community. A study was conducted at Nomansland, a Peri-urban settlement in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Over a period of four months, vegetables were examined for parasites and Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, Fasciola hepatica, Giardia lamblia, Necator americanus, Schistosoma haematobium, and Strongyloides stercoralis were observed. Demonstration and implications of F-diagram (faeces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, feed) should be addressed to members of the community. This study was restricted to parasitic examination. Bacterial, fungal and viral examinations are recommended.

Keywords: Community, Defaecation, Faecal, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF ZNO-POLYANILINE NANOCOMPOSITE

ZAHARADDEEN MUHAMMAD^I, MISBAHU SAAID AHMAD¹, GEETHA BHAVANI²

¹Department of Chemistry Sule Lamido University Kafin Hausa ²Noida International University

ABSTRACT

Chemical precipitation technique and chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline were used to synthesized ZnO nanosize (22 to 37nm) and polyaniline respectively. The ZnO-polyaniline nanocomposite was made by insitu polymerization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) were the techniques employed for the characterization of the nanoparticles. The frequency ranges of 500 to 2000 KHz at different temperature were used to investigate the conductivity and dielectric properties of ZnO-polyaniline nanocomposite. It was observed that the conductivity of ZnO-polyaniline composite increased with temperature and frequency. The conductivity and dielectric constants decrease with higher proportions ZnO polyaniline nanocompiste it was learnt that the interface formed between ZnO particles and polyaniline causes the decrease of conductivity and dielectric constant in ZnO-polyaniline nanocomposite.

Keywords: Zinc Oxide, Polyaniline, nanocomposite, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE QUALITY OF LISTED CEMENT COMPANIES IN NIGERIA

KABIRU SHUAIBU

Department of Accounting, Gombe State University, Nigeria

Abstract

This study sought to examine the influence of firm characteristics on environmental disclosure quality of listed cement companies in Nigeria. Data were extracted from the annual report and accounts of the listed cement companies for the period of 2013-2017.Firm age, firm size and leverage was used as a proxy for firm characteristics. In order to measure the extent of environmental disclosure quality, the annual reports of the firms were analyzed through content analysis using GRI as index of disclosure and the study analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression technique via STATA 12.0.Findings from the study revealed that firm age, firm size and leverage has significant impact on quality of environmental disclosure and the study recommended among others that listed  cement companies in Nigeria should maintain optimum level of debt and have control over the size of the firm as it have impact on the quality of environmental disclosure and also Nigerian Government should made environmental disclosure mandatory rather than voluntary this is because it’s becoming important for companies to incorporate governance, social and environmental issues in their business strategies and should be communicated to all stakeholders of the companies.

Keywords: Firm Age, Firm Size, Firm Leverage and Environmental Disclosure Quality

DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL GAS BURNER TO MANAGE SOOT PRODUCTION DURING GAS FLARING

UGOCHUKWU KENNETH UDEZE; & KENECHI MARKANTHONY ONWUGHALU,

Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Oko.

Abstract

This research was conducted to foster solution to soot production problem during gas flaring by designing industrial gas burner that will effectively burn the gas and prevent release of soot. To achieve this objective, two different natural gas samples labelled A, B with different methane composition of 70% and 60% respectively where investigated at different flow rate ranging from 50-250kg/hr. taking into consideration two different burner dimension which include burner pipe diameter and burner pot diameter. Aspen HYSYS simulation software version 8.1 was used to simulate the flare burner system while analytical models were used to ascertain relationship between the parameters. The results of simulation showed that as the mass flow rate of natural gas increased from 50-250kg/hr. the mass of air required for complete combustion increased from 130-340kh/hr. for sample A, 160-395kg/hr. for sample B, While the analytical developed showed that as mass flow rate of natural gas increases from 50-250kg/hr. burner pipe diameter increased from 18-56cm for sample A, 22-63cm for sample B while  burner pot diameter increased from 18-56cm for sample A, 22-75cm for sample B. it is therefore concluded that lighter gas sample required lesser air, smaller burner diameter, smaller burner pot diameter for efficient flare process.

Key words; Gas burner, Gas flaring, Natural gas, Soot formation

EXAMINING LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE INVENTORY OF UYO CAPITAL CITY IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA.

*UDUAK OKON JEREMIAH; **IDONGESIT EDET INYANG; **EFANGA OTU EFANGA; **UBONG OKPON ESEN; & ***IFREKE NTIEDO EMA

*Department Of Estate Management, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State **Department Of Architecture, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State ***Department Of Building Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State

ABSTRACT

This study represents an attempt to understand the trend in the expansion of Uyo urban centre, Akwa Ibom State. The objective of the study included; taking inventory of the land use/cover of the study area; assessment of the trend, rate, and nature of urban expansion in the study area over the periods 1986/2003 and 2003/2008. In order to achieve these objectives, remotely sensed data of LandSat TM 1986, LandSat TM 2003, and NigeriaSat 2008 of the study area were used. The minimum distance supervised classification algorithm and post classification change detection techniques in GIS were carried out on the remotely sensed data. The study revealed that between 1986 and 2003 built-up area increased from 149.09km² to 172.21km² at the rate of 1.36km² per annum; and between 2003 and 2008 built-up area increased to 207.10km² at the rate of 6.98km² per annum. Based on these findings, the study recommended that urban planning should not be limited to analogue master plans, but should be a dynamic and modifiable system which would make modifications speedy and more functional. More so, Local Planning Authorities should restrict development in strategic areas within the heart of the town in order to maintain some green belts within the capital city. This, apart from moderating the urban temperature, also enhances the urban character of the capital city.

Keywords: Land Use, Land Cover, Urbanisation, Inventory, Uyo.

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GAS FLARING ON THE TEMPERATURE, SOIL, CLIMATE AND ON THE PEOPLE OF UMUEBULU IN ETCHE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA.

CHINYERE P. OBIDIEGWU (PhD) & ¹JOHN O. OKARA

Biology Education Department, School of Science Education, Federal College of Education (Tech), Asaba

ABSTRACT

Owing to the malady of global climatic change which is an omniscient challenge of our contemporary world, gas flaring as an abnormality has procured prime significance over the last few decades. This study is about gas flaring and its negative impacts on temperature, soil, climate and on the people of Umuebulu in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study utilized empirical research design. The stratified sampling technique was used to stratify the area into six layers using distance from the flare site as a yardstick, thus the strata includes 100m, 200m, 300m , 400m, 500m, 600m from the flare site. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the analysis of data. Findings include majority of respondents (92.0%), suggested that the temperature in Umuebulu was cooler than it was now as compared to the (8.0%) that responded otherwise. The negative impact of gas flaring on the environment include; acid rain (75.3%), air pollution (93.1%), temperature rise (84.3%) and deforestation (85.1%). The following crops were currently being affected by gas flaring in Umuebulu, Yam (99.0%), Cassava (85.3%), Okro (96.0%), Plantain (54.0%), Potatoes (7.3%) and maize (100%). Locations Closer to the flare site were hotter than locations further from the flare site (mean annual temperature at 100m from the site was 29.1 ⁰c at 600m at 28.1 ⁰c). It is also responsible for the health problems of the people of Umuebulu, which includes bronchitis, asthma, cancer and many other gruesome ailments. The ANOVA model was significant at P> 0.00. This implied that the variation in temperature in terms of distance from the flare site within Umuebulu area was significant.

Keywords: Umuebulu, gas flaring, Health problems, Niger Delta, Nigeria, Temperature, Soil, Acid rain.

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT CONTROL IN JOORO VILLAGE, ASA-DAM ROAD, ILORIN, KWARA STATE

FADIPE SAMUEL BAMIDELE

Urban &Regional Planning, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin

ABSTRACT

The challenges and prospect of physical development control cannot be overlooked especially in the case of Asa-dam area which is an urban area designated by Kwara State Ministry of Housing & urban development, Ilorin. This study is aim to examine the challenges facing Town Planning and Development Authority and to assess the prospect that can be derived from adequate development control. The objectives of the study, is to assess the land used applicable to the study area, also to determine the compliance of developer in relation with the physical development control policy. This study is carried out through direct survey of physical development activities in the town, which administer of 86 questionnaire in three zone(Zone A, Zone B, & Zone C) to the developers on site and 10 questionnaire to development control agency in Ilorin Kwara state and were retrieved respectively. With the interview of development control agency in Ilorin, Kwara state revealed some hindrances as lack of planning tools and equipment, inadequate funding of the concern authority above all lack of organized public enlightenment programme. Having identified the aforementioned hindrance, the study however, recommends proper funding of the development control agency, provision of equipment and enactment of standing rules That will enhance effective development control mechanism and eventually create a conducive living, working, and recreating environment.

Keywords: development control, planning permit, building codes, prospect and challenges

ASSESSMENTS OF SCAFFOLDING AS AN INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA, NIGERIA

*ADENIJI AJIBOLA ABIDEMI **DR BANJOKO SUNDAY & **DR AKINTOYE HAKEEM

*Integrated Science Department, Federal College of Education, Abeokuta **Department of Science and Technology Education, Faculty of Education, Lagos State University, Ojo

ABSTRACT

The student academic achievement in both internal and external examination in sciences with reference to Biology is worrisome. The future of Nigeria to move from developing Nations to developed Nations based largely on her scientific breakthrough. The teaching pedagogy used to teach the students must be relevant to the students to achieve optimal goal. The research was conducted on teaching strategies and the use of better instructional teaching strategy to teach the students at secondary school level. The research was carried out using quasi-experimental research designed in the impact of scaffolding in teaching and learning of Biological concepts on students’ academic achievement. The intact class of 132 students were used for the research and categorized into two groups; experimental or treatment group and control group. The experimental group were 19 students and control group were 113 of intact classes. Three null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance. All the t_{-cal >} t_-crit, therefore, the hypotheses were rejected which means there are significant impact of scaffolding on the students achievement when used in teaching and learning of Biology concept. Recommendations were made for teachings, policy makers and stakeholders in education industries to enhance students’ academic achievement and retention of scientific ideology in Biology.

Keywords: Assessments, impact, scaffolding, re-energizing, achievement, system 

ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL FACILITIES MAINTENANCE IN NIGERIA FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING PROCESS. (A CASE STUDY OF NORTH EASTERN PUBLIC SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS)

MOHAMMAD HASSAN GARBA

Adamu Tafawa Balewa College of Education, Kangere, Bauchi, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This study assessed the maintenance of school facilities for effective teaching process in public senior secondary schools in north eastern Nigeria . The researcher interested to determine the extent to which public senior secondary schools utilized preventive maintenance, used replacement maintenance, applied periodic maintenance and consideration attached to emergency maintenance. The study employed cross-sectional survey design and proportionate stratified random sampling techniques. The population of the study is 5121 respondents and the study sample stood at 357 respondents. The study covered all public senior secondary schools in  north eastern Nigeria. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data. To give the general description of the data, frequency and simple percentages were used for demographic data; mean and standard deviation were used to answer the four research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated and the testing was done using independent sample t-test. The instrument was validated by four experts, two from educational admin and planning and two were selected from test and measurement. The instrument was pilot tested using test re-test method and the reliability index was 0.808. The study concludes that facilities maintenance was in a moderate extent  in some state because  of  their the good Administration and policies. School facilities were in a good shape but currently deteriorated due to poor maintenance of school facilities. It was recommended that both male and female teachers in every public senior secondary school in the state should be encouraged to utilize preventive maintenance in their respective schools. Day public secondary schools’ administrators should use part of their internally generated revenue to support periodic maintenance. Ministry of Education officials should monitor and supervise schools on regular basis to ensure that the four maintenance approaches are put in practice for the effectiveness of teaching process in  public senior secondary schools in north eastern Nigeria.

Keyword: Assessment,  Facilities, Maintenance,  Effectiveness , Teaching, and process

UNDERSTANDING THE ECOLOGY OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

*INUWA ABDU IBRAHIM**BELLO MADAKI BELI ***ADAMU BUBA

*Department of Public Administration, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria**Department of Mass Communication, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria***Department of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

Abstract

When ecology is fused to public administration, it is the beginning, impact and importance of public administration in Nigeria environment. Meaning the influences of historical, natural, political, religious, socio-cultural, economic and other significant national experiences, have one way or another influenced the growth as well as development of public administration in Nigeria. The paper also looks at how the environment ultimately affects the lives, characteristics and history of the people with a community or nation. The secondary source of data was adopted for the paper. It concluded by stressing the role of media in national development. And the SALA model as postulated by Riggs as ways of understanding and ensuring development through public administration for countries like Nigeria.

Keywords: state, development and ecology

REFOCUSING ON THE COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL EFFECT OF COVID 19 LOCK DOWN ON THE RETIRED CITIZENS IN NIGERIA AND THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF IT BASED VIRTUAL COLLABORATIVE SKILLS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21^ST CENTURY.

I.K. OJUOPE¹; A.O. ADETUNMBI²; & O.E. OYINLOYE³

¹Department of Computer Science, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria. ²Department of Computer Science, Federal Uni. of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State. ³Department of Comp. Sci., Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented effect on the lives of individuals worldwide, irrespective of age, ethnic and social demographics. The enforcement of social interaction and lock down affects a lot of people most especially the retired elderly citizens that still have the strength to work. Most workers take their job home, engaged in online office works while the retirees remain idle; this led to their frustration and development of cognitive and mental challenges (Philip and Cherian, 2020). As a result of this, this work centered on refocusing on the Cognitive and Social Effect of COVID 19 Lock Down on the Retired Citizens and the challenges and opportunities of Information Technology (IT) Based Virtual collaborative Skills for Sustainable Development in the 21^ST Century. From the research conducted by Caroline (2020), on the impact of COVID-19 to date on older people’s mental and physical health, research express online omnibus amongst 1364 UK adults aged 60+ from 20th August to 3rd September 2020, it was discovered that 82% of people affected by dementia reporting an increase in dementia symptoms during COVID 19 lock down, including cognitive impairment, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and agitation. Therefore, it is highly imperative to introduce them to IT Based Virtual collaborative Skills. This among other things will provide opportunity for virtual social interactions and also take care of other problems associated with lock down on these categories of people. In addition, it will also promote sustainable development. The elderly people however face special challenges as a result of social distancing and lock down put in place to curb the spread of the disease. Most of these retirees are still strong to work most especially people below age 65. Unless care is taken, these may face significant fallout with regard to their mental and psychological wellbeing (Armitage and Nellums, 2020). These retirees are prone to social isolation as a result of lock down; older people generally have only a close circle of friends and family with whom they always love to interact. Therefore, social interactions form a significant part of their lives in retirement, and this has seen drastic disruption with the introduction of social distancing and lock down. Lack of movement for social interaction can bring about bad mood and anxiety in the elderly.

Key words: Retired Citizens, Virtual Collaborative Skills, Information Technology, Sustainable Development, COVID 19 Pandemic Disease, Lock Down.

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND SURVEYING TECHNIQUES IN ROAD NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURES MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF ABUJA PHASE 1 ROAD NETWORKS.

IBOCHI, ANDREW ABAH^1* (MNIS) & KARDAM, MOHAMMED SHEHU^2* (MNIS)

*Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. **Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi.

Abstract

Road networks play a vital role in the socio-economic and political development of the country. It’s the asset base for all economic transactions and developments. The aim of this study is to assess the state of road networks conditions of Phase 1 road networks, Abuja. The study employ satellite image, street guide map, field observation, visual inspection, company literature, questionnaire and interview to collect both spatial and non-spatial data for this study. The data gathered were processed and analyzed in ArcGIS 10.3 application software. The spatial analysis and queries carried out revealed a total of 582, 65 and 2 road networks are in the state of good conditions, fair conditions and failed conditions respectively. Various degree of potholes and alligator cracks were the defects were observed on the fair and failed road networks in the study area. The study applauds the application of remote sensing and surveying techniques in road monitoring and maintenance. It further suggests regular survey and maintenance for effective management of the nation’s road infrastructures.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Surveying, Road networks, Infrastructures, Management

ACHIEVING A SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AND MARKET GROWTH THROUGH MARKETING STRATEGY: A CASE EXAMPLE OF A SMALL FAMILY COFFEE SHOP.

¹SADEEQ GARBA ABUBAKAR ²BELLO ADAMU DOGOJI ³ZAHRA’U BALA MALAMI ⁴SARKI  ZAKARI SHEHU ⁵MARYAM TIJJANI ABBA

^1&2Department of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. ^3,4&5Department of Marketing, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

The organisation in focus is a small family coffee shop that is aiming at creating a differential advantage within its target segment by which a distinct competitive position relative to other coffee shops can be established, and from which sales and profit would flow. The coffee would want to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage through the manipulation of the elements of the marketing mix comprising the 7Ps elements. The differentiation of the product and service of the new coffee shop from that of competitors mean making the products distinctive and different from those of rivals and creating a unique selling point that in turn strengthens the brand. There would also be the implementation and monitoring of the organisation’s performance in order to take any corrective action. Since circumstance both within the organisation and in its environment are unlikely to stay constant while strategy is being pursued, it is necessary to accommodate such changes for the overall benefit of the organisation. This study focuses on strategic and marketing analysis of the new coffee shop with the aim of securing a solid take up point for the organisation. Secondly, it looked at strategic direction and strategic formulation which essentially focused at the future and the objectives to be accomplished by the organisation. This study covers some specific strategies, tactics, resource allocation, schedules of responsibilities/tasks, budget, monitoring and evaluation. Finally, it covered the control aspects such as the marketing control processes and the gap bridging skills required to achieve the marketing goals in the  organisation under focus in the most efficient and effective manner.

Key Words: Marketing strategy, Differential advantage, Distinct competition, Marketing mix, Implementation, Monitoring, Marketing control

THE INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON INVESTMENT DECISIONS OF WORKERS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF UYO, UYO. AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA.

¹EKPO, MBOSOWO EBONG (PHD), ²AKPAN, KUFRE EKEREKE (PHD) AND ³RAPHAEL, NYENEIME VICTOR

Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua. Uyo. Akwa Ibom State.

Abstract

This research examined the effects of demographic characteristics on the real estate investment decision of the workers of the University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. In order to achieve the stated aim, the objectives were to examine the demographic characteristics of real estate investors in the University of Uyo, to ascertain the pattern of real estate investment decision among workers in the University of Uyo and to establish a relationship between the demographic characteristics and real estate investment decision of the University of Uyo workers. The research work adopted the cross-sectional survey type of design. The researchers adopted a sample size of 400, using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. The research also employed both descriptive and inferential statistics in the analysis of data. The study found out that 7.50% of the respondents carried out only development of a new real estate. 7.2% participated in the development as well as sales of a real estate during their working period. 44.30% of the respondents participated in the acquisition, sales and development of properties. 18.50% participated in the sales, development, acquisition and conservation of real estate, while 22.50% of the respondents participated in the sales, development, acquisition, conservation and exploitation of real estate. Findings also showed that there was a significant relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable with a p-value less than 0.05. The research concluded that age, marital status, job classification, personal income and educational qualifications are demographic factors that have an influence on the investment decision among the University of Uyo workers.

Keywords: Demographic characteristics, real estate, investment decision, workers, Uyo

YOUTHS AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW

*ABUBAKAR SADIQ SALLAU; & **MUHAMMAD ABDULLAHI

*Department of Public Administration, College of Education and Legal Studies, Nguru-Nigeria. **Department of Public Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri-Nigeria

Abstract

Democracy provides opportunity for inclusive participation of everyone regardless of sex, gender, creed, section, belief or age-group in political processes of countries. The participation of the youth in politics is an issue that has been widely discussed and continuous to attract the attention of writers especially as the population determines the major workforce and pillars of growth and development. The paper examines youths place in consolidating democracy in Nigeria. The paper is a conceptual overview of how youths can be included in sustaining democratic consolidation. It revealed that youth involvement in democratic processes is necessary, timely and highly encouraged. The process whereby youths get involved in decision-making and influence the process of power sharing and distribution is significant and must be given due consideration. The fact that youth population represents the majority population in the country means it cannot be neglected in political and governance processes. The youths represent the future of democracies as the forthcoming generation of policy makers, therefore, should be recognized as powerful and active agents of change in democratic systems. It therefore concludes that key aspects of inclusive, representative, and sustainable democratic societies include youth empowerment and participation in leadership and decision-making processes at the regional, national and international level.

Keywords: Youths, Democracy, Participation, Politics, Democratic Consolidation

EFFECT OF MALNUTRITION ON CHILDREN 0 – 5 YEARS IN CHANCHAGA LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

DARANGI, LAMI GIRMACHE; HALIMA, TALATU NDARUBU; AHMADU AISHATU; UMAR BALKISU

Niger State College of Nursing Sciences, School of Midwifery, Minna

Abstract

The malnutrition as nutritional deficiencies is the major problem in Niger State and 60% ul deaths in children under 5 years is attributed to malnutrition. It is in view of this, this research look into the causes of the ethical complexities prevalent in child malnutrition of 0 -5 years in Chanchaga Local Government Area of Niger State. The aim of this research is to have an in depth surveillance on malnutrition among children of 0 -5 years in Chanchaga LGA of Niger State. A descriptive design was adopted. The study involved 60 children drawn using simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaire, weighing scale and a length board. Data was analyzed using chi-squared and descriptive statistics. Stunting, underweight and wasting were determine using the WHO child growth standards. As revealed in the result, very high prevalence ranked the highest with 31 respondents, high prevalence ranked second with 16 respondents and low prevalence ranked the least with 13 respondents. This implies that majority of the respondents affirmed the prevalence of malnutrition among children 0 – 5 years. The finding shows the types of malnutrition among children of 0 – 5 years in the study area to include stunting, wasting and underweight. Underweight ranked the highest 23 respondents, wasting ranked second with 16 respondents and stunting ranked the least with 8 respondents. This implies that the major type of malnutrition in the study area was underweight which is denotes a low weight-for-age and it is a measure of combination of chronic and acute malnutrition. It is quite obvious that malnutrition involves more than just shortage of food and there is no singular solution to prevent and treat under nutrition, so more evidence based researches, multi-sectorial involvement and political interest is needed.

Keywords: Malnutrition, Children, Underweight, Stunting and Wasting